Occasionally an ileus (paralysis of the bowel) can occur following other insults to the body, for example infection, myocardial infarction or, as in this case, trauma.
This patient has a fractured lumbar spine (not clearly visible on this X-ray).
The small bowel and the colon are gas-filled but not frankly dilated. Gas is visible in the rectum which indicates there cannot be total obstruction.